On the side of model-oriented aerosols research, using a lidar aerosol simulator ensures consistent comparisons between the modeled aerosols and the observed aerosols. Their concentrations are highly variable in space and time, and a key variability is in their vertical distribution, because it influences atmospheric heating profiles, aerosols life-time and, as a result, surface concentrations, and because it has an impact on aerosol-cloud interactions. An analysis of single‐forcing simulations indicates that correcting the historical temperature bias would require a substantial reduction in the magnitude of the aerosol‐related forcing.Īerosols have a large impact on climate, air quality, and biogeochemical cycles. However, a number of important biases remain including a weak Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, deficiencies in the characteristics and spectral distribution of tropical atmospheric variability, and a significant underestimation of the observed warming in the second half of the historical period. In E3SMv2, ECS is reduced to 4.0 K which is now within the plausible range based on a recent World Climate Research Program assessment. E3SMv1 suffered from an excessively high equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of 5.3 K. The simulated climate has many realistic features of the climate system, with notable improvements in clouds and precipitation compared to E3SMv1. The model performance is evaluated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Characterization of Klima simulations augmented with historical simulations as well as simulations to evaluate impacts of different forcing agents. We describe the physical climate model in its lower horizontal resolution configuration consisting of 110 km atmosphere, 165 km land, 0.5° river routing model, and an ocean and sea ice with mesh spacing varying between 60 km in the mid‐latitudes and 30 km at the equator and poles. E3SMv2 is a significant evolution from its predecessor E3SMv1, resulting in a model that is nearly twice as fast and with a simulated climate that is improved in many metrics. This work documents version two of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM).
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